SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2332, 3190, 2334, 2331, 3186, 3194, 2330, 
    2327, 3188, 2362, 3182, 2363, 3184, 
    2328, 3192, 3109, 2301, 3128, 3110, 
    2302, 3129, 3130, 3112, 3131, 3113, 
    1115, 2278, 2279, 2289, 2291, 3091, 
    3133
  )

Query time 0.00072

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "12.06"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent",
        "idx_categories_parent_status"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 57,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 57,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "6.36",
        "eval_cost": "5.70",
        "prefix_cost": "12.06",
        "data_read_per_join": "159K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`cscart_db`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (2332,3190,2334,2331,3186,3194,2330,2327,3188,2362,3182,2363,3184,2328,3192,3109,2301,3128,3110,2302,3129,3130,3112,3131,3113,1115,2278,2279,2289,2291,3091,3133))"
    }
  }
}