SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 2678 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    9126, 23377, 23652, 10370, 23378, 9766, 
    38916, 65059, 26052, 9767, 23380, 23383, 
    37030, 38919, 68325, 26053, 8969, 11174, 
    23379, 37060, 17399, 23381, 36362, 
    36464
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00109

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "47.68"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "link_type",
              "pt",
              "idx_product_category_lookup",
              "idx_products_categories_composite"
            ],
            "key": "idx_products_categories_composite",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 34,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "using_index": true,
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "3.87",
              "eval_cost": "3.40",
              "prefix_cost": "7.27",
              "data_read_per_join": "544"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "(`cscart_db`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (9126,23377,23652,10370,23378,9766,38916,65059,26052,9767,23380,23383,37030,38919,68325,26053,8969,11174,23379,37060,17399,23381,36362,36464))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt",
              "idx_product_category_lookup",
              "idx_products_categories_composite"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "cscart_db.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 34,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "25.12",
              "eval_cost": "3.40",
              "prefix_cost": "35.79",
              "data_read_per_join": "544"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "p_category_id",
              "idx_categories_storefront_status",
              "idx_categories_usergroup_status",
              "idx_categories_status_id_path"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "cscart_db.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 27,
            "filtered": "81.96",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "8.50",
              "eval_cost": "2.79",
              "prefix_cost": "47.69",
              "data_read_per_join": "77K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`cscart_db`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and (`cscart_db`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}